Maps

1. Scale p. 95

a. Verbal – scale is verbally expressed as a specific distance on the map being equal to a specific distance on the ground (1 inch equals 1mile or 1 cm equals 1Km).

b. Graphic -- scale is indicated by a calibrated bar or line. (A bar of 5 cm with each cm equal to 10 km).

c. Fractional – scale is expressed as a fixed ration between a distance on the map and an equal distance measured on the earth’s surface. (1:25,000) 1cm on the map is equal to 25000 cm on the Earth’s surface.

2. Magnetic Declination

3. Symbols (p. 97)

4. Contour Lines (p. 98)

a. Connect lines of equal elevation

b. Do not cross

c. Spacing related to slope – Wide spaces between lines indicates gentle slopes, Narrow spaces- steeper slopes

d. Lines cross streams in a “v” whose point is upstream

e. Hill and knobs are shown as closed contours

f. Closed depressions are shown as closed counters with hachures

5. Contour Interval (p. 99) – space between contours

6. Elevation – vertical distance above or below a datum (p. 98)

7. Bench marks – surveyed areas of elevation (p. 100)

8. Local and Maximum relief (p. 99)

a. Local relief – the difference in elevation between adjoining features on a map

b. Maximum relief – the difference between the highest and lowest points on the map area.

9. Height – difference between an elevated topographic feature and its immediately adjacent base. (p. 92)

10. Gradient -- Difference in elevation / Horizontal separation on map (p. 102)

Construction of Topographic Maps (p. 100)

Topographic Profiles (p. 101)

1. Vertical exaggeration (p. 102)

V.E. = fractional vertical grid scale / fractional map scale

Aerial Photographs (p. 111)

Stereoscope (p. 112)